Wastewater Treatment Plants

Step-by-step procedures for planning, design, construction and operation: * Health and environment * Process improvements * Stormwater and combined sewer control and treatment * Effluent disposal and reuse * Biosolids disposal and reuse * On-site treatment and disposal of small flows * Wastewater treatment plants should be designed so that the effluent standards and reuse objectives, and biosolids regulations can be met with reasonable ease and cost. The design should incorporate flexibility for dealing with seasonal changes, as well as long-term changes in wastewater quality and future regulations. Good planning and design, therefore, must be based on five major steps: characterization of the raw wastewater quality and effluent, pre-design studies to develop alternative processes and selection of final process train, detailed design of the selected alternative, contraction, and operation and maintenance of the completed facility. Engineers, scientists, and financial analysts must utilize principles from a wide range of disciplines: engineering, chemistry, microbiology, geology, architecture, and economics to carry out the responsibilities of designing a wastewater treatment plant. The objective of this book is to present the technical and nontechnical issues that are most commonly addressed in the planning and design reports for wastewater treatment facilities prepared by practicing engineers. Topics discussed include facility planning, process description, process selection logic, mass balance calculations, design calculations, and concepts for equipment sizing. Theory, design, operation and maintenance, trouble shooting, equipment selection and specifications are integrated for each treatment process. Thus delineation of such information for use by students and practicing engineers is the main purpose of this book.

This book discusses new and innovative trends and techniques in the removal of toxic and or refractory pollutants through various environmental biotechnological processes from wastewater, both at the laboratory and industrial scale. It focuses primarily on environmentally-friendly technologies which respect the principles of sustainable development, including the advanced trends in remediation through an approach of environmental biotechnological processes from either industrial or sewage wastewater. Features: Examines the fate and occurrence of refractory pollutants in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the potential approaches for their removal. Highlights advanced remediation procedures involving various microbiological and biochemical processes. Assesses and compares the potential application of numerous existing treatment techniques and introduces new, emerging technologies. Removal of Refractory Pollutants from Wastewater Treatment Plants is suitable for practicing engineers, researchers, water utility managers, and students who seek an excellent introduction and basic knowledge in the principles of environmental bioremediation technologies.

Sludge Reduction Technologies in Wastewater Treatment Plants is a review of the sludge reduction techniques integrated in wastewater treatment plants with detailed chapters on the most promising and most widespread techniques. The aim of the book is to update the international community on the current status of knowledge and techniques in the field of sludge reduction. It will provide a comprehensive understanding of the following issues in sludge reduction: principles of sludge reduction techniques; process configurations; potential performance; advantages and drawbacks; economics and energy consumption. This book will be essential reading for managers and technical staff of wastewater treatment plants as well as graduate students and post-graduate specialists.

Microbial Ecology of Wastewater Treatment Plants presents different methods and techniques used in microbial ecology to study the interactions and evolution of microbial populations in WWTPs, particularly the new molecular tools developed in the last decades. These molecular biology-based methods (e.g. studies of DNA, RNA and proteins) provide a high resolution of information compared to traditional ways of studying microbial wastewater populations, such as microscopic examination and culture-based methods. In addition, this book addresses the ability of microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants. Describes application of different Omics tools in Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) Demonstrates the role of microorganisms in WWTPs Includes discussions on the microbial ecology of WWTPs Covers the microbial diversity of activated sludge Emphasizes cutting-edge molecular tools

The wide adoption of wastewater treatment processes and use of novel technologies for improvement of nitrogen and phosphorus removals from wastewater have been introduced to meet stringent discharge standards. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are one of major contributors to the increase in the global GHG emissions and therefore it is necessary to carry out intensive studies on quantification, assessment and characterization of GHG emissions in wastewater treatment plants, on the life cycle assessment from GHG emission prospective, and on the GHG mitigation strategies. Greenhouse Gas Emission and Mitigation in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants summarizes the recent development in studies of greenhouse gas emissions (N2O, CH4 and CO2) in MWWTPs. It also summarizes the development in life cycle assessment on GHG emissions in consideration of the energy usage in MWWTPs. The strategies in mitigating GHG emissions are discussed and the book provides an overview for researchers, students, water professionals and policy makers on GHG emission and mitigation in MWWTPS and industrial wastewater treatment processes. The book is a valuable resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students in the water, climate, and energy areas of research. It is also a useful reference source for water professionals, government policy makers, and research institutes.

This book examines the operation of biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with a focus on maintaining effluent water quality while keeping operational costs within constrained limits. It includes control operation and decision schemes and is based on the use of benchmarking scenarios that yield easily reproducible results that readers can implement for their own solutions. The final criterion is the effect of the applied control strategy on plant performance – specifically, improving effluent quality, reducing costs and avoiding violations of established effluent limits. The evaluation of the different control strategies is achieved with the help of two Benchmark Simulation Models (BSM1, BSM2). Given the complexity of the biological and biochemical processes involved and the major fluctuations in the influent flow rate, controlling WWTPs poses a serious challenge. Further, the importance of control goal formulation and control structure design in relation to WWTP process control is widely recognized. Of particular interest are the regulations governing the compliance with effluent criteria. Authorities measure compliance with these criteria on the basis of long or short timeframes, and the legal constraints imposed on effluent pollutant concentrations are among the most essential aspects of control structures for WWTPs. This book explores all these facets in detail.

Many physico-chemical and operational factors influence the performance, treatment costs, and longterm stability of biofilters for the treatment of wastewater. An innovative role of biofiltration in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) focuses on identifying the factors that affect biofiltration, such as the hydraulic retention time of the biofiltration system, the type and characteristics of the filter, and the attached biomass, explains their influence and provides guidelines on how to control these factors to optimize better operation with respect to pollutant control present in (WWTPs). The fundamental basis of the treatment in biofilters is the action of pollutant-degrading microorganisms and consequently the book also discusses in depth about the microbial ecology of biofiltration. In addition, it explores the applications of biofiltration including the removal of emerging pollutants. Describes the microbial ecology of biofiltration Includes modeling of biofiltration Describes the designing of biofilters, start-up, and monitoring Discusses the mechanism of biofiltration Describes the controlling and operational factors of biofiltration

Wastewater treatment plants are large non-linear systems subject to large perturbations in wastewater flow rate, load and composition. Nevertheless these plants have to be operated continuously, meeting stricter and stricter regulations. Many control strategies have been proposed in the literature for improved and more efficient operation of wastewater treatment plants. Unfortunately, their evaluation and comparison – either practical or based on simulation – is difficult. This is partly due to the variability of the influent, to the complexity of the biological and biochemical phenomena and to the large range of time constants (from a few minutes to several days). The lack of standard evaluation criteria is also a tremendous disadvantage. To really enhance the acceptance of innovative control strategies, such an evaluation needs to be based on a rigorous methodology including a simulation model, plant layout, controllers, sensors, performance criteria and test procedures, i.e. a complete benchmarking protocol. This book is a Scientific and Technical Report produced by the IWA Task Group on Benchmarking of Control Strategies for Wastewater Treatment Plants. The goal of the Task Group includes developing models and simulation tools that encompass the most typical unit processes within a wastewater treatment system (primary treatment, activated sludge, sludge treatment, etc.), as well as tools that will enable the evaluation of long-term control strategies and monitoring tasks (i.e. automatic detection of sensor and process faults). Work on these extensions has been carried out by the Task Group during the past five years, and the main results are summarized in Benchmarking of Control Strategies for Wastewater Treatment Plants. Besides a description of the final version of the already well-known Benchmark Simulation Model no. 1 (BSM1), the book includes the Benchmark Simulation Model no. 1 Long-Term (BSM1_LT) – with focus on benchmarking of process monitoring tasks – and the plant-wide Benchmark Simulation Model no. 2 (BSM2). Authors: Krist V. Gernaey, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, Ulf Jeppsson, Lund University, Sweden, Peter A. Vanrolleghem, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada and John B. Copp, Primodal Inc., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

The Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations is the first thorough resource manual developed exclusively for water and wastewater plant operators. Now regarded as an industry standard, this fourth edition has been updated throughout, and explains the material in easy-to-understand language. It also provides real-world case studies and operating scenarios, as well as problem-solving practice sets for each scenario. Features: Updates the material to reflect the developments in the field Includes new math operations with solutions, as well as over 250 new sample questions Adds updated coverage of energy conservation measures with applicable case studies Enables users to properly operate water and wastewater plants and suggests troubleshooting procedures for returning a plant to optimum operation levels Prepares operators for licensure exams A complete compilation of water science, treatment information, process control procedures, problem-solving techniques, safety and health information, and administrative and technological trends, this text serves as a resource for professionals working in water and wastewater operations and operators preparing for wastewater licensure exams. It can also be used as a supplemental textbook for undergraduate and graduate students studying environmental science, water science, and environmental engineering.

The Future of Effluent Treatment Plants: Biological Treatment Systems is an advanced and updated version of existing biological technologies that includes their limitations, challenges, and potential application to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD), refractory chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), color removal and environmental pollutants through advancements in microbial bioremediation. The book introduces new trends and advances in environmental bioremediation with thorough discussions of recent developments. In addition, it illustrates that the application of these new emerging innovative technologies can lead to energy savings and resource recovery. The importance of respiration, nitrogen mineralization, nitrification, denitrification and biological phosphorus removal processes in the development of a fruitful and applicable solution for the removal of toxic pollutants from wastewater treatment plants is highlighted. Equally important is the knowledge and theoretical modeling of water movement through wastewater ecosystems. Finally, emphasis is given to the function of constructed wetlands and activated sludge processes. Considers different types of industrial wastewater Focuses on biological wastewater treatments Introduces new trends in bioremediation Addresses the future of WWTPs

In a simple, straightforward manner, this book presents most of the major process units for wastewater treatment, addressing what the unit is and how it basically works. Along with that it provides some of the math problems associated with each unit. Each math problem, presented in English units, is usually followed by a nearly identical problem in metric units. It also presents new concepts, such as information on process microbiology, in a comfortable language so the reader can concentrate on the subject matter instead of the language used to present it. Simplified Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations provides comprehensive and technically accurate wastewater information in a clear and concise manner. The related workbook provides readers with a place to write in answers and work out problem solutions.

Sewage Treatment Plants: Economic Evaluation of Innovative Technologies for Energy Efficiency aims to show how cost saving can be achieved in sewage treatment plants through implementation of novel, energy efficient technologies or modification of the conventional, energy demanding treatment facilities towards the concept of energy streamlining. The book brings together knowledge from Engineering, Economics, Utility Management and Practice and helps to provide a better understanding of the real economic value with methodologies and practices about innovative energy technologies and policies in sewage treatment plants.

Pharmaceutical wastewater is now a major concern due to the improper legislation around the globe and the poor implementation of existing laws. This book covers the various aspects of pharmaceutical sources, treatment technologies, and the harmful effect on the natural environment. The book will also highlight the concept of the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) as applied to the treatment and resource recovery systems for pharmaceutical treatment. The different innovative technologies will deal with reducing the energy requirements, the physical space requirements and impacts of treatment plants . Some case studies are included in order to fully understand the practical aspects of the treatment and modelling.

FROM THE PREFACE Since Federal funding is scarce for massive upgrades, and/or complete new Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) construction, treatment plant operators, superintendents, managers, city councils, boards, etc. must get more creative on funding and coordinating process equipment replacements. Contained herein you will find hints, tactics and procedures aimed at getting the "biggest bang for your public buck." During the 1970s and 1980s, through grants, the Federal Government paid 80% of costs to build new or expanded wastewater treatment plants, pumping stations and collection system renovations. The majority of the grants were to upgrade primary treatment facilities to secondary, and secondary to tertiary treatment status based on Clean Water Act regulations. If your facility was fortunate enough to receive grants, you were in good shape for approximately 20 to 30 years (depending on community growth rates). Since most wastewater treatment facilities are designed to last 20 years, many of the new or expanded facilities in the 70's and 80's are reaching the end of their service life. Some may have reached it sooner due to growth beyond the expected rate, inadequate preventive maintenance, or design inadequacies when built. Now you have identified problems with insufficient aeration capacity, equipment mechanical failure, insufficient pump station capacity, infrastructure deterioration, etc. and need to do something about it before you violate your NPDES permit (if you have not already). This equipment seems very costly to replace because you now must pay 100% opposed to 20% with the grants. Many WWTP are in need of replacement and/or upgraded equipment. The equipment itself is typically about 25% to 50% of the total project cost. This cannot be changed much. However, the remaining 50% to 75% (engineering, installation labor costs and project management) may be whittled down dependent on how active and creative the project coordinator (yourself) wants to be in the process. When EPA funded 80% of project costs in prior years, it was no big deal to have an "open pocketbook" attitude. Those days have changed forever and so have procurement procedures for projects. A Management Guide to Retrofitting Wastewater Treatment Plants is geared towards the managerial and administrative scope of a Lead Operator, Superintendent, Facility Manager type of Wastewater individual. All the junior college courses available, practical operator experience, and certification status will still not offer the opportunity to learn administrative and cost savings techniques (similar to operating a business). But soon, your job may demand these skills. This book is a handy reference for making the task of upgrading/retrofitting wastewater process equipment easier and less costly. It includes ideas for selling upgrade ideas to superiors, pre- and post-project activities, and certain management techniques useful for successful retrofitting or upgrading in past projects. This book should prove helpful to those who find themselves involved in retrofitting their facility, and need assistance on resolving facility problems, including treatment plant operators, superintendents, managers, city council members, and boards. It is also a valuable reference guide for municipal operations individuals who want to retain control of their facilities, but don't quite know how. It was written with the front line operator, superintendent, and manager in mind, in common operator language in order to allow easier understanding. It contains many tips and techniques which operators can implement immediately.

Special Offer: Cao Ye Shi Author Set - Buy all three books together and save a total £76! Mass Flow and Energy Efficiency of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants presents the results of a series of studies that examined the mass flow and balance, and energy efficiency, of municipal wastewater treatment plants; it offers a vision of the future for municipal wastewater treatment plants. These studies were undertaken as part of the R & D program of the Public Utilities Board (PUB), Singapore. The book covers the latest practical and academic developments and provides: a detailed picture of the mass flow and transfer of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), solids, nitrogen and phosphorus and energy efficiency in a large municipal wastewater treatment plants in Singapore. The results are compared with the Strass wastewater treatment plant, Austria, which reaches energy self-sufficiency, and the approaches for improvement are proposed. a description of the biological conversions and mass flow and energy recovery in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor - activated sludge process (UASB-ASP) - and compares this to the conventional activated sludge process. a comprehensive and critical review of the current state of the art of energy efficiency of municipal wastewater treatment plants including benchmarks, best available technologies and practices in energy saving and recovery, institution policies, and road maps to high energy recovery and high efficiency plants. a vision of future wastewater treatment plants including the major challenges of the paradigm shift from waste removal to resource recovery, technologies and processes to be studied, integrated sanitation system and management and policies. Mass Flow and Energy Efficiency of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants is a valuable reference on energy and sustainable management of municipal wastewater treatment plants, and will be especially useful for process and design researchers in wastewater research institutions, engineers, consultants and managers in water companies and water utilities, as well as students and academic staff in civil/sanitation/environment departments in universities.

An Applied Guide to Water and Effluent Treatment Plant Design is ideal for chemical, civil and environmental engineering students, graduates, and early career water engineers as well as more experienced practitioners who are transferring into the water sector. It brings together the design of process, wastewater, clean water, industrial effluent and sludge treatment plants, looking at the different treatment objectives within each sub-sector, selection and design of physical, chemical and biological treatment processes, and the professional hydraulic design methodologies. This book will show you how to carry out the key steps in the process design of all kinds of water and effluent treatment plants. It provides an essential refresher on the relevant underlying principles of engineering science, fluid mechanics, water chemistry and biology, together with a thorough description of the heuristics and rules of thumb commonly used by experienced practitioners. The water treatment plant designer will also find specific advice on plant layout, aesthetics, economic considerations and related issues such as odor control. The information contained in this book is usually provided on the job by mentors so it will remain a vital resource throughout your career. Explains how to design water and effluent treatment plants that really work Accessible introduction to, and overview of, the area that is written from a process engineering perspective Covers new treatment technologies and the whole process, from treatment plant design, to commissioning

The principle of the conventional activated sludge (CAS) for municipal wastewater treatment is primarily based on biological oxidation by which organic matters are converted to biomass and carbon dioxide. After more than 100 years’ successful application, the CAS process is receiving increasing critiques on its high energy consumption and excessive sludge generation. Currently, almost all municipal wastewater treatment plants with the CAS as a core process are being operated in an energy-negative fashion. To tackle such challenging situations, there is a need to re-examine the present wastewater treatment philosophy by developing and adopting novel process configurations and emerging technologies. The solutions going forward should rely on the ways to improve direct energy recovery from wastewater, while minimizing in-plant energy consumption. This book begins with a critical overview of the energy situation and challenges in current municipal wastewater treatment plants, showing the necessity of the paradigm shift from removal to recovery in terms of energy and resource. As such, the concept of A-B process is discussed in detail in the book. It appears that various A-B process configurations are able to provide possible engineering solutions in which A-stage is primarily designed for COD capture with the aim for direct anaerobic treatment without producing excessive biosludge, while B-stage is designated for nitrogen removal. Making the wastewater treatment energy self-sustainable is obviously of global significance and eventually may become a game changer for the global market of the municipal wastewater reclamation technology. The principal audiences include practitioners, professionals, university researchers, undergraduate and postgraduate students who are interested and specialized in municipal wastewater treatment and process design, environmental engineering, and environmental biotechnology.

This is a book for those operating and studying biological wastewater treatment plants. It introduces the state-of-the-art in process systems analysis (modelling and simulation, monitoring and diagnosis, process control and instrumentation) and in particular its application to wastewater treatment. While the emphasis is on biological nutrient removal, there is discussion of anaerobic treatment, and the principles apply to any treatment process. For the computer literate there is also a collection of MATLAB programs and functions that are mentioned throughout the book. They will run on both the professional and student editions of MATLAB Version 5. Contents Modelling Plant Dynamics, Basic Modelling, Advanced Modelling Empirical or Black-Box Models, Experiments and Data Screening, Principles of Parameter Estimation, Fitting and Validating Models, Simulators Diagnosis Diagnosis - an Introduction, Quality Management, Model Based Diagnosis, Knowledge Based Systems Control Goals and Strategies, Disturbances Manipulated Variables, Feedback Control, Model Based Control, Batch Plant Control, Plant Wide Control, Benefit Studies Instrumentation Primary Sensors, Analysers Actuators and Controllers The Future

With the advancement of new technologies, existing wastewater treatment units need to be reexamined to make them more efficient and to release the load currently placed on them. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop and adopt the latest design methodology to determine and remove harmful impurities from water sources. Advanced Design of Wastewater Treatment Plants: Emerging Research and Opportunities is a critical scholarly resource that explores the design of various units of wastewater treatment plants and treatment technologies that can produce reusable quality water from wastewater. The book covers topics that include the basic philosophy of wastewater treatment, designing principles of various wastewater treatment units, conventional treatment systems, and advanced treatment processes. It is an integral reference source for engineers, environmentalists, waste authorities, solid waste management companies, landfill operators, legislators, researchers, and academicians.